The Crime Of White Collar Crime - 2571 Words

Crime is such a general word, and describes a whole conundrum of activities that are seen as unlawful. The oxford dictionary defines crime as â€Å"an action of omission which constitutes an offence and is punishable by law†. There are many different types of crimes, and they are classified based on the seriousness of the crime. Minor crimes/offences, for example a traffic offence, are called misdemeanors. More serious crimes, like murder, are called felonies and are punishable by more than a year in prison. When people hear the word crime, they most often associate it with a dangerous, violent act. There are crimes that are not violent in nature, but are still considered criminal acts because of their nature and their purpose. White-collar crime is one of those types of crimes that are non-violent but have a great impact on its victims. What is White-Collar Crime? White-collar crime is â€Å"generally identified as non-violent crimes that public officials and business people commit predominantly for their own personal gain†. Edwin Sutherland came up with the term â€Å"white-collar crime† to explain the crimes that both middle class and upper class people committed in the course of their business activities. White-collar crime is so often neglected as crime, that many people don’t even consider it as a crime until they are the victims. People don’t understand that the effects of white-collar crime are much higher than other crimes. If we look at it from a monetary perspective, the costsShow MoreRelatedBlack Collar Crimes And White Collar Crime1956 Words   |  8 Pagesexplaining what white collar crime in its introduction. The paper will then explain the distinct types of white collar crimes, after that different case study’s will be presented from the book to give examples of the diverse types of white coll ar crimes. After that the paper will talk about the diverse ways to combat white collar crimes while also going over the challenges law enforcement face when fighting white collar crime. Finally, the author will give his conclusion on white collar crime. Read MoreWhite Collar Crime1488 Words   |  6 PagesWelcome to the age of white collar crime. A time when the words thieves and businessmen go hand in hand. White collar criminals dont get their hands dirty in their work. They use their heads to get what they want instead of using a little muscle. These criminals are just as dangerous as the rapists and murderers. In these times, even the most seemingly respectable people are suspected of white collar crimes. President Clinton and the first lady Hillary Clinton have been tangled up in the WhitewaterRead MoreWhite Collar Crime2498 Words   |  10 Pagesdefinition of white collar and white collar crime * Various types of white collar crime B. Thesis statement: There are 3 causes of white collar and 5 way to combat with white collar crime. II. The cause of white collar crime is opportunities to commit crime. A. The loophole of the law and security B. An individual well known the operation of a company, the chances to commit fraud is higher. III. Second causes of white collar crime are workersRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1431 Words   |  6 PagesCrimes are one of the many things that all humans have in common. Whether it be a serious crime or not, everyone can commit a crime and go to jail for it. There are two types of crime that can be considered complete opposites of each other. They are white collar crimes and street crimes. White collar crimes are considered nonviolent crimes committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his/her occupation such as fraud, embezzlement, or bribery. On the other hand,Read MoreThe And White Collar Crime897 Words   |  4 Pages1. Literature Review Crimes have been occurring in our society for many years and recently the occurrence of non-violent crimes has increased dramatically. Traditional and white collar crimes have two traits in common, an objective and a modus operandi, but the major difference is that a white collar criminal has a plan and also the ability, knowledge and technology to execute it (Nevis, 2012). White-collar crimes can occur at any occupational level and affects all parts of society, from big businessesRead MoreStreet Crime And White Collar Crimes766 Words   |  4 Pageseconomic crimes goes up as well. Either it’s the street crimes or the white-collar crimes/corporate crimes but which of is a wide spread crime. Street crime and white-collar crimes affect the people negatively. You would be hurting yourself and others. Even though, street crimes are more violent then the white-collar. White collar effect you devastating you finacially and emotionally. Street crimes are more generally physical effect. White-collar crimes have financial issue and street crime have safetyRead MoreWhite Collar Crimes And Street Crimes1083 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-collar crimes are just as prevalent today as ordinary street crimes. Studies show that criminal acts committed by white-collar criminals continue to increase due to unforeseen opportunities presented in the corporate world, b ut these crimes are often overlooked or minimally publicized in reference to criminal acts on the street. Many street crimes are viewed as unnecessary, horrendous crimes because they are committed by lower class citizens, whereas white collar crimes are illegal acts committedRead MoreWhite Collar Crime And Corporate Crime1158 Words   |  5 PagesWhite-Collar Crime consists of occupational crime and corporate crime. Occupational crime refers to offences committed against legitimate institutions businesses or government by those with respectable social status. It includes the embezzlement of corporate funds, tax evasion, computer crime and expense-account fraud. It is not every day that we hear about white-collar crimes but these non-violent crimes are on the rise to the top. Federal Bureau of Investigation states that USA, for example recordedRead MoreBlack Collar Crime : White Collar1828 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: Sometimes known as the ‘victimless’ crime, White Collar Crime includes crimes such as fraud, embezzlement and, more often than not, results in the criminal profiting money-wise which is one of the biggest lures into White Collar Crime (WCC). WCC, has become more and more easier and accessible as businesses move closer towards technology and further away from paper documents which makes it easier to commit WCC as, if you knew what you were doing, you could cover your tracks easier thanRead MoreThe White Collar Crime And Economic Crimes2126 Words   |  9 PagesIn India, the Law Commission in its 29th Report pointed out more or less the same factors as responsible for the rise of economic crimes, particularly, the white collar crimes. It observed, â€Å"The advance of technological and scientific development is contributing to the emergence of mass society, with a large rank and file and small controlling elite, encouraging the growth of monopolies, the rise of managerial class and intricate institutional mechanisms. Strict adherence to a high standard of ethical

Substance Abuse Among Teenagers And Adolescents - 1703 Words

According to The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA), substance abuse among teenagers and adolescents is transforming into America’s number one public health problem, as numbers of high school and college students abusing drugs and alcohol are on the rise (2011). In a national survey done by CASA at Columbia University, they found that 75 percent of high school students have used an addictive substance. In addition, 46 percent of high school students reported currently using an addictive substance, and approximately 12 percent of high school students were discovered to meet the clinical diagnosis criteria for substance abuse disorder (2011). This epidemic is the most costly public health problem in America today. Annually, $68 billion is spent toward underage drinking and $14.4 billion is spent toward juvenile justice programs that are substance abuse related. Federal, local, and state governments are spending an average of $468 billion each year on substance abuse, which is the equivalent of $1,500 for each person in the country. Substance abuse disorders most often begin in the adolescent years, with 90 percent of those meeting the criteria for substance abuse disorder reporting using substances for the first time prior to the age of 18 (The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, 2011). However, while substance abuse is the most expensive public health problem America faces today, unlike so many other health problems,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Substance Abuse Among Adolescents1296 Words   |  6 Pages Substance abuse has become a notable public health threat to today’s adolescents. Substance abuse is associated with an array of behavioral and psychological consequences that can jeopardize the future of the young people. Lifelong dependence is another possible consequence of drug abuse among adolescents. Ultimately, counselors are supposed to come up with effective programs to address addiction issues among the adolescents to prevent them from relying on drugs in future. Counselors rely onRead MoreDrug Abuse And Addiction Among Teenagers1704 Words   |  7 PagesStudies have shown that prescription drug abuse and addiction among teenagers is on a steady incline. According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, â€Å"prescription drug abuse is the use of a medication without a prescription, in a way other than as prescribed, of for the experience or feelings elicited.† This is a pervasive problem that is in fact consuming the lives of many teens, primarily because prescription drugs are easily accessible in their environment. There are several interpersonalRead MoreSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers : A Survey1201 Words   |  5 PagesSubstance Abuse Among Teenagers Hannah is a fifteen year old girl who was recently sent to a rehabilitation center for the result of abuse of prescription medication. 6.1 million high school students currently use addictive substances, and like Hannah, 1 in 3 of them are addicted (â€Å"National Study Reveals,†2011). Although the number of teens using these drugs are decreasing, the numbers are still dangerously high. Due to it’s high risk of addiction, dangerous consequences, and growing availabilityRead MoreTeenage Drug Abuse Essay982 Words   |  4 PagesTeenage drug abuse is an issue that can result from a wide variety of social influences, stressful events, and mental disorders. Drug abuse among adolescents is a troubling issue because it decreases focus, increases the chance of consistency in behavior during adulthood, increases the chances of developing emotional issues, permanently damages the brain, and damages tissues in every system that can lead to death. Previous scientific research has identified that social factors, including the mediaRead MoreA Period When Many Developmental Changes Are Occurring.1608 Words   |  7 Pagesa period when many developmental changes are occurring. This is the time when a young person’s intellectual capacities expand and their friends and peers become extremely influential. Not only does adolescent usage of marijuana has been linked to a range of developmental and social problems, but also early initiation of this highly addictive drug use can have a negative impact on memory, attention and learning, school performance, problematic behavior, increased risk of mental health issues, andRead MoreAdolescent Drug Abuse1306 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent Drug Abuse I.) Introduction: Crack, booze, pot, crystal- from the inner city to the suburbs to small towns, the world of the adolescent is permeated by drugs. When a little harmless experimentation becomes addiction, parents, teachers, and clinicians are often at a loss. For this age group (roughly ages 13 to 23), traditional substance abuse programs simply are not enough (Nowinski, inside cover). Today s society provides many challenges for adolescents that ourRead MoreAdolescent Drug Abuse And Alcohol1426 Words   |  6 PagesDrug Abuse Adolescent Drug Abuse and Alcohol Nyria Madison Liberty University Coun 620 Abstract Around the world we are finding that most adolescent are experiencing drugs and alcohol. This has been a huge issue for years. This has become a trend in society as of today. This paper will discuss the perspective of adolescent alcohol and drugs. This paper will also identify and inform you on the common predictors of adolescent substance abuse. SubstanceRead MoreThe Effects Of Addiction On Adolescent Development1302 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Addiction on Adolescent Development Adolescence is a time where adolescents grow and mature at a rapid rate. It is also a time where adolescents are more vulnerable to taking risks, such as using and becoming addicted to illegal substances, due to raging hormones. Whether or not an adolescent chooses to engage in drug use and abuse depends on their home environment and those they choose to associate themselves with. Adolescents are confronted with an enormous amount of pressure toRead MoreThe Effects Of Drug Abuse On Adolescents957 Words   |  4 PagesThe majority of all of us will go through the teenage stage and being a teenager is extremely complex and a difficult phase. Teenagers experience physiological, social, emotional and psychological changes. All of these changes are going to be shaped uniquely by the teenager’s unique genetic composition, brain development, environment, cultural background and the community influences around them. During brain development teenagers are likely to seek out new exper iences that can lead to risky behaviorRead MorePrescription Drug Abuse : Drug And Free World1508 Words   |  7 Pagesaged 12 to 17 abuse a prescription pain reliever for the first time (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) A 2007 survey in the United States found that 3.3% of 12 to 17 years olds and 6% of 17 to 25 year olds had abused prescription drugs in the past month (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics – Overdoes Deaths – Drug-Free World,†n.d.) Prescription drug abuse causes the largest percentage of deaths from drug overdoses (â€Å"Prescription Drug Abuse Statistics

Descriptive Essay About Childhood free essay sample

When I was a baby, the world was a lot different. Everything was incredibly bright, or awfully dark. I was remarkably happy, or I was terribly scared. I lived in a world of extremes. I was trapped on an elevator that soared to the top floor in an instant, and plummeted to the basement the next. Nothing, not one feeling, not one moment in time, lasted long enough for me to explore. Then, as I stood up for the first time, the elevator came to a halt and the shiny, metal door slid slowly open. With a ding, I opened my eyes. What stood before me, framed in the elevator door, was a giant, majestic tree. As I took my first steps out of the elevator, the soothing carpet beneath my feet was replaced with short, prickly grass. The horizon was hazy and golden and the air was fresh and crisp. We will write a custom essay sample on Descriptive Essay About Childhood or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page As I approached the tree, the elevator door shut violently behind me, and a loud bang echoed for an eternity before it vanished in a cloud of grey fog. The cloud of fog grew steadily, like bacteria spreading, and I was paralyzed as I watched it engulf the entire world. I was startled, but the giant tree demanded my attention. I continued towards it until I arrived at the trunk and wrapped my arms around as much of it as I could. It was covered in microscopic needles and I relinquished my grip on it almost at once. I looked down at my chest and arms, and found that they were covered with red scrapes. I gazed back up at the tree. I followed its trunk until it disappeared into the fog. I wondered what the fog was hiding. The more my curiosity grew, the less pronounced my scrapes became, until they had completely disappeared and were replaced with tougher skin. Then, by instinct, I reached for the lowest branch and heaved myself upwards. When I grabbed each branch, it felt rough, but no longer punctured my skin. The further up the tree I climbed, the further apart the branches became, until I arrived at a point which I could no longer reach any branches. I could see nothing below or above. The entire world was a mystery to me, but I was growing; and before long, I was tall enough to reach all of the branches I needed. I happily climbed and lived on the tree for many years, striving to reach the top and penetrate the fog. As time passed, I grew taller and stronger, yet still, the mystery of the world remained. Then, as suddenly as the elevator door had opened so long ago, I rose above the fog. I was blinded by a bright, white light, and while my eyes were adjusting, a howling wind threw me off balance. I grabbed mindlessly for any branch I could use to hang on, but it was no use; and I fell. I landed on my back with a dull thud. I found myself lying at the foot of a sad, dying, peely tree; as I had been growing, the tree had been shrinking. I stared up at a clear, blue sky, as the hair on my arms erected, and tiny goose bumps emerged on the surface of my pale skin. Each breathe I took exploded into a cloud of fog, and evaporated at once. Now every blade of grass, every antenna attached to every insect, every mountain range contained within every chunk of bark on every tree, was in sharp relief. It seemed that the mystery of the world had vanished. Had I finally discovered the truth? I saw, heard, touched, tasted and smelled all that I could, but I was not contented. The feeling of anticipation; of not knowing; the mystery that had consumed me as a child, was missing. And as I sat in a smoggy traffic jam eating a drippy burrito, I wondered if I could ever get it back.

Obesity in America

Introduction America has an obesity problem that much is certain, nearly 33% of adults within the U.S. are obese which represents a 60% increase over a 20 year period with the rate for child obesity not far behind at nearly triple what it was 30 years ago (Chappell, 2010). What these figures represent is nearly 300,000 deaths a year from obesity related illnesses and maladies, billions of dollars spent on health problems such as high cholesterol, diabetes, high blood pressure etc (Obesity in America, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a growing epidemic that is continuing to proliferate itself throughout the nation affecting not only adults but children as well. International popular culture representations of the U.S. have depicted an unflattering image of the U.S. population as being a culture for the morbidly obese with cartoonish representations of ten showing an obese man using a tiny scooter in order to line up at the nearest McDonald’s. Unfortunately this representation of the American people is closer to the truth than most people realize. Junk food is the primary contributor to the obesity problem in America due its convenience and prevalence which has resulted in the current obesity problem that Americans now face. The Age of the Junk Food Culture Junk food in the form of chips, dips, burgers, fries, sodas, candies and ice cream have become such a part of America’s culture that the most prevalent cultural distinction for American today is that of the â€Å"Junk Food† culture (Burner, n.d.). In nearly every town, city and state groceries, shopping malls and fast food restaurants carry some form of junk food that is rapidly consumed by a voracious public that enjoys the taste and convenience of such products. Unfortunately, this cultural distinction is actually slowly killing the American population du e to resulting effects such food types have one the body. The recommended daily allowance of nutritional calories that a body should have in a single day as recommended by the American Medical Association is roughly 2,500 to 3,000 calories a day (Burner, n.d.). The problem with junk food is that due to their convenience and serving size most people aren’t away that on average they consume more than 3,000 calories a day from the various forms of junk food they eat (Menifield et al., 2008). An average adult male in the U.S. should consume only 65 grams of fat and 2,500 calories in a single day yet a burger and fries combo meal with a large coke available at the local McDonald’s is equivalent to more than 50 grams of fat and 1500 calories within a single sitting (Menifield et al., 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This would not be a problem should that be the o nly large meal they eat throughout the day however this meal is supplemented by various chips, sodas and various other unhealthy options throughout the day which brings the total calorie count to 4,000 calories or more. The Human Body and Excess Consumption On average the human body only requires 2,000 to 2,500 calories within a single day to properly function any excess calories is usually stored as fat by body for future use. With diets often exceeding the daily allotted calories needed by the body this results in a large proportion of the consumed calories to be turned into fat (Obesity in America, 2006). Not only that habits developed early on in childhood have been shown to carry well into adulthood. As such children who are currently overweight now will be at risk for obesity as they grow older (Chappell, 2010), K. (2010). It is the combination of these factors that are behind the current problems regarding obesity in the U.S. today. Obesity and Popular Culture While many peop le state that an obese person becomes that way by choice this paper states that they are made that way due to external influences that affects their ability to think. On average nearly 10,000 TV ads appear within a given year which focus on promoting the products of various restaurants and companies (Burner, n.d.). Children in particular are targeted by fancy commercials advertising sugary sweets through the use of cleverly crafted cartoonish elements in the commercial itself. Since TV advertisements are an extension of popular culture it can be seen that popular culture is one of the primary reasons behind the obesity problem America now faces due to this patronage of products that are not only unhealthy but cause people to become obese as a result of their consumption (Burner, n.d.). The power of advertising should not be underestimated since it has been shown that TV ads are one of the best ways to convince people to buy a certain product. From this it can be seen that the causes behind obesity is not merely the fast food culture that Americans find themselves in but also the actions of various corporations that promote with wild abandon their products without taking into consideration the possible ramification on the population. Conclusion Based on the given information it can be seen that while junk food is behind the current obesity problem in the U.S. it is not the only cause.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Obesity in America specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The unmitigated marketing practices employed by various corporations that seek to influence Americans to buy their products is actually a prime contributing factor to the problem of obesity that America now faces due to its prevalence in popular culture which influences people to such an extent that it causes them to buy the products of these companies. The combination of these factors is actually the primary reason behind the prevalence of obesity and as such they must be controlled in order to prevent the problem of obesity from getting worse. References Burner, J. (n.d). Want Fries with That Obesity and the Supersizing of America. School  Library Journal, 52(1), 152-153. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Chappell, K. (2010). SAVING OUR CHILDREN FROM THE OBESITY EPIDEMIC IN BLACK AMERICA. Ebony, 65(7), 78. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Menifield, C. E., Doty, N., Fletcher, A. (2008). Obesity in America. ABNF Journal, 19(3), 83-88. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Obesity in America. (2006). Large portions, large proportions. Harvard Men’s Health  Watch, 10(6), 1. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. This essay on Obesity in America was written and submitted by user Eliseo L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Oncology Internet Search

Oncology Internet Search Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Internet SearchIn finding information on Acute Myelogenous Leukemia (AML) dogpile.com was utilized. Dogpile utilizes search engines from Google, Yahoo!, MSN Search, Ask Jeeves, Search, Looksmart, and About. After typing in "AM" Dogpile searches and lists all results found for AML. The decision is then up to the user as to which of the web sites he or she wishes to research further.On doing an Internet search for alternative or complementary therapies for AML a variety of web sites were examined. The first web site chosen was Leukemia-web.org. This site offers information on treatment options which include "chemotherapy, blood stem cell transplants, radiation, and surgery"(Leukemia cancer information, 2006)."Common chemotherapy drugs given during induction therapy include daunorubicin, doxorubicin, and cytarabine" (Leukemia cancer information, 2006). These drugs are able to kill the leukemia cells but also kill normal cells. Side effects of chemotherapy may include nausea, tiredness, and increased risk of infection.English: Myeloblasts with Auer rods seen in Acute ...The majority of client's show the disease to be in remission within a few weeks after induction therapy is completed. After induction therapy is completed more chemotherapy or a blood stem sell transplant may be considered for long-term treatment choices."Blood stem cell transplants can treat AML by transplanting healthy blood-producing cells into the patient's bone marrow" (Leukemia cancer information, 2006). There are three sources of stem cells that are being used for transplants. These sources are bone marrow, peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood."There are two types of blood stem cell transplants used to treat patients with AML:-Autologous blood stem cell transplants use the patient's own blood stem cells.-Allogeneic blood stem cell transplants use the blood stem cells of a donor" (Leukemia cancer information, 2006)."Radiation treatment is used sometimes to treat leukemia cells in the brain and spinal...

The Possessive Apostrophe

The Possessive Apostrophe The Possessive Apostrophe The Possessive Apostrophe By Daniel Scocco Its time to talk about being possessive. Sometimes possessiveness is good, sometimes its bad. However you look at it, if youre speaking English, then you will need an apostrophe to show who owns what. The apostrophe () is one of the most used and misused English punctuation marks. No one is ever quite sure where to put it. You can use it when things are left out (contractions), but its the possessiveness that causes the most trouble. The apostrophe is all about making a statement of ownership. You belong to me. This belongs to that. In grammar speak, the apostrophe shows the possessive of nouns. There are four ways to use the apostrophe to show ownership or belonging. 1. Add apostrophe s to the end of a singular noun that does not end in s: the managers room 2. Add apostrophe s to the end of a singular noun, even if it ends in s (this practice may vary in some places): Doriss scarf 3. Add apostrophe s to the end of a plural noun that doesnt end in s the childrens bag 4. If the plural noun ends in s, just add the apostrophe my friends car Notice that possessive pronouns like yours, his, hers, ours, its and theirs are not followed by the apostrophe. Finally, if you want to play around with it, Wikipedia has a list of four phrases illustrating how the apostrophe can literally change the meaning of sentences. my sisters friends investments (I have one sister and she has one friend.) my sisters friends investments (I have many sisters and they have many friends.) my sisters friends investments (I have many sisters and they have one friend.) my sisters friends investments (I have one sister and she has many friends.) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Contronyms (Words with Contradictory Meanings)Peace of Mind and A Piece of One's Mind20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Buddhism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Buddhism - Essay Example .† (The Buddhist Encyclopedia, 2008) However, the fault with this explanation is that it is undeniable that there is an entity that does understand what it went through, is going through, and will be going through. The Buddhists then further explain that, â€Å"this lack of a fixed self does not mean lack of continuity,† as stated in the Buddhist Encyclopedia online. It also says that Buddhism uses a lot of metaphors, one of which is that of fire. In the same way that the flame of one candle to another and the fire spreading from field to field is dependent on the original fire, â€Å"there is a conditioned relationship between one life and the next; they are not identical but neither are they completely distinct.† (The Buddhist Encyclopedia, 2008) But, seriously, a fire or flame is something far beyond compare to that of a being that has the capacity to store information, knowledge, and emotions from one life to the next, and retrieve and be able to tell them in such a detailed manner. In fact, in the reading, we were told that â€Å"The Enlightened One†, a real human being, was an ape in his past life, as told in the Great Ape Jataka tale. Supposedly, the real being shou ld tell stories as real as his very existence, but we read the story and we find qualities in the Great Ape that biologists and archaeologists of different generations would have turned the whole world upside down just to find the legendary beast. The ape could not only talk to humans (in what language it was not mentioned), but also foresee events. We all know that apes can’t do these, even with the smartest technology available today or in the next hundred years. So granting without accepting for a moment that reincarnation is behind it, what is it that made the ape like that if there is no entity that has the capacity to analyze the connection between the lives he has lived, the entity that tries to be something better each time for it to reach nirvana? Speaking of

Response book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response book - Essay Example yzed by a car accident at an age of 19 years, but regardless of the physical limitation, he has led a very successful and remarkable life as a world-travelling journalist traversing through the hills or Iran and Afghanistan as well as navigating through the Middle Eastern terrain stretches of sand in his wheelchair. Despite his disability, he has achieved what many able-bodied journalists have only imagined. The depiction of the disabled in this book goes contrary to the contemporary social expectations and attitudes. This is because the disabled people are not given the same opportunities as other people and therefore, they are not expected to amount to something as big as John Hockenberry. Reading this book helped me appreciate the role of wisdom and perseverance in overcoming even the greatest of obstacles. I derive a sense of peace in knowing that even if the humanity is greatly flawed with many disappointments, we can always fulfil our dreams and purpose in life and enjoy it. This book has changed my perception about people with disability. The author portrays a picture of a person who does not give excuses for his disability in order to evade tasks and therefore, the aspects of disability does not form part of his identity. Instead, he is in the front line when covering the refugee stories in war torn Kurdish, Iran and Afghanistan. The most inspiring part is the story he covered in the Gulf war is a steep mountain while clinging to the back of a donkey. His story is that of an extraordinary journalist exceeding the bounds of expectations by venturing into scary situations. Even in the midst of humor, his stories draw the readers’ sympathy. By being a member of the minority group in the society based on his disability, he deeply connects with the dying people in Afghanistan and the dying children in Somalia which looks like his motivation. Despite the major achievement of people with disability, the book presents a society that still holds reservations

In Miltons paradise lost, god Essay Example for Free

In Miltons paradise lost, god Essay In Miltons Paradise Lost, God is portrayed as having limited influence and contact with our world. This is perhaps a result of his respect for free will/conscience. This lack of contact is supported by one; Gods passiveness, there are several situations in the book in which God seems like he should be able to influence events but he simply doesnt act. When he does act, he acts indirectly. God seems to execute his plans through either his angels or his son. Finally, perhaps the best indication of Gods limited connections is in the cases where God uses complicated, elaborate plans to do things that if he really had 100% power he would perform simply and immaculately. In the book Paradise Lost, God plays a relatively passive role considering that he is by far the most significant character in this book. He seems to sit up on his heavenly throne and observes rather than interact with his creations. A good case of this is in Book three lines 80-90, when God watches Satan ascending from hell. It would seem that when he was alerted by Uriel, the archangel would have been a good time to intervene and smite down Satan. It almost seems like Miltons God wants the events of Paradise Lost to transpire because he yields so many times at so many opportunities to stop Satan. Satan should have been stopped at the very beginning. God must have foreseen this incident (the partaking of the forbidden fruit,) after all, does he not have sight of the future, past and present? (Book Three lines 75-80) Sadly, no-one will ever know what God was planning when he allowed Satan to run rampant in the garden. Or then again, maybe God wasnt planning anything at all but rather leaving events to unfold without divine intervention, thus his seeming respect for free will. The only problem with that theory though, is that God punished Adam and Eve for making a decision with the free will that he gave them. Two other instances make cases against Gods absolute power. Why was hell so easily escaped by Satan? One would think that a Purgatory created by God himself would be impenetrable. Even stranger is the case with the Angelic War. Although for the most part symbolic, God either was not capable or at least unwilling to strike down Satans attempted conquest before it began. Instead, God chose once again to remain passive and allow things to go along for awhile. A good question to ask at this point is just what are Gods intentions? If he truly wanted a perfect heaven with conformist angels, what is stopping him from taking their free will? That leads to the point that possibly the reason why Gods influence is limited is his own conscience, based on his respect of free will. When God does act in the story, it is almost exclusively indirectly through his Son, (as in Book Nine,) or through his Archangels. The most well-known case where God acts through his Son is when God sent him down to be sacrificed upon the cross. Although this specific event does not occur within this story, the reasoning behind it is lengthily discussed especially in Book Three. This however, only supports the thesis if one believes that Jesus is the son of God rather than the Christian view that God IS Jesus. (John, 8:58) Based on how Milton writes, it shows that he is using the interpretation of the Bible in which Jesus was created by God. Jesus plays a sympathetic role when it comes to mankind and often influences Gods decisions on what to do about Adam and Eve. He persuades God to allow him to go down to heaven to inform Adam about his state of sin. In this case, Jesus actually influences God rather than the usual case with God giving orders and Jesus acting carrying them out. God also acts a lot through his throng of angels. The archangels are his main instruments of manipulation. Of the seven archangels, Raphael, Michael, and Gabriel are the three most influential. God acts through Raphael most often. Raphael plays a large role in starting in Book Five lines 246-249 So spake thEtetnal Father, and fulfilld All Justice: nor delayd the winged Saint (Raphael)after his charge receivd. Raphael then proceeds down to the Garden to warn Adam and Eve of the impending danger posed by Satan. Raphael also spends Book Six and Book Seven informing Adam of the war in heaven and then telling him the nature of his own creation. Michael and Gabriel have slightly smaller roles than Raphael does; but they do get a chance to enact Gods will when he orders them to lead the faithful Angels in the war against Satan. The final case to prove Gods limited interactions and influence is when God seems to have to work around rules that he must have created himself. A good example of this is when he prepares for the redemption of man. It simply doesnt make sense that if God desires to redeem his creations that he simply doesnt grant them redemption from their sins. Instead he schemes up the elaborate plan to send his son down to receive punishment in place of man. Once again, this could be explained by God having to act within the parameters of what his conscience will allow, (regarding free will). Maybe God has to do these elaborate things so that he can justify to himself the redemption of man. Maybe he thinks that it is only right that somebody receives punishment. Cases similar in nature occur when God didnt keep Satan from entering the Garden of Eden and when he had to send the great flood. If not for his respect for free will, God wouldnt have had to allow mankind to sink so low. In Paradise Lost, Milton presents a God that is strangely limited in his actions and influence with his own creations. Whether through passiveness, indirectness, or a conscious distancing of himself God seems to allow many things to happen without direct intervention. However, this is not really a novel concept; people throughout history have questioned the concept of an all-powerful God in a very imperfect world.

Quality and Six Sigma Quality Initiative Essay -- Six Sigma TQM Total

Quality and Six Sigma Quality Initiative Sigma - ï  ³ is most common known as a Greek letter which is used in statistics as a measure of variation, or change. Most of the people, however, don’t know that ï  ³ is not only a symbol but it is also a method of quality. 6ï  ³ Quality (Six Sigma Quality) is a management philosophy which has to lead to better employee performance and therefore completely satisfy the customer. Six Sigma Quality, or in the abbreviation 6SQ was first introduced in 1986, when Dr. Mikel J.Harry tried the first project in the Motorola Company. However, the idea if it is not new. The same, or a very similar concepts are known under different names such as Total Quality Management (TQM) or Zero-Mistake-Production. Nowadays, many companies adopted the Six Sigma Quality Philosophy, among them are General Electric (GE), BMW – car producers in Germany, Navistar or Thermoking. Six Sigma involves all the employees, from the basic ones, to the top management. 6SQ requires not only training, but also the cooperation from the employees. If a company achieves ï  ³ 1, it will have a yield of 31% that means the business operations will be error free in 31%. Sigma on the stage two means error freeness in 69.2%, number 3 - 93.32%. All this seems to be a big improvement, but as we will see later on, it is not enough to work on the level 3, or 4, even though both of them have a very high percentage of error-freeness. Sigma step number 4 in the real numbers means 99.37% error free operations. Most of the companies, which are working under 6SQ are operating somewhere between Sigma 3 and Sigma 4. Sigma 5 means almost perfect result. 99.97% error freeness, and this seems to be a dream for most of the compa... ...es is the common sense. Alone the General Electrics Company (GE) is going to invest $550 M only in the year 1999 for the Six Sigma Program. (Manager Magazine, October 1999). Since GE had 293.000 employees in the year 1998, the cost for each employee comes up to $ 1.706. Since we have to consider that not all the employees are willing to take part on the seminar. Some of the people view that the Six Sigma Quality is forcing people to do lots of seminars on what is the common sense saying. Simply it is sometimes viewed as a pure waste of time, because the participation on these seminars takes a lot of time. The other disadvantages include another stress for the employees who are running the quality program and also for the employees who have to be in the program. Very often the idea is not bad at all, but the employees simply do not have time to complete the tasks.

Populism Or Politics Of The Mob: A Social Phenomenon Essay

Populism materialized in East and West Germany’s peaceful re-unification to democracy in the mid-1990’s. It has inspired governments around the world, in which the Philippines’ 1986 military-back people power revolution was patterned. Populism is when ‘the popular will of the sovereign people to desist a socio-political affliction. ’ However, the politics of the mob may hide a political agenda, wherein political alliances only cohabits a unifying credo to dismantle a government regardless of different political platform or guiding principles. The recent leadership and political crises being confronted by the Philippines‘ President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo is threatened by a populist (political parties’ opposition) action as brought about by the scandalous allegation of corruption pointed to the First Gentleman (Philippine Daily Inquirer, 2008). With the political crises being currently experienced in the Philippines, this paper will discuss the issues and make a framework to study a social phenomena. Key Components in Identifying the Issue and Condition The subjectivity and objectivity are basic components that is pre-determinant to perception and analysis (Byrnes, 2005), as conveyed by the issue. Subjectivity The subjective norm is based on the â€Å"reports† from different sources as the condition of the Philippines’ political affairs is in a volatile state, thus: ? Various media outfits are progressively reporting about the Philippines’ Senate investigation on the alleged anomalous deal on the ZTE Broadband project. The mentioned deal has implicated First Gentleman Mike Arroyo. Objectivity The objective norm is through identifying the root of the situation as well as the key personalities involved (Zakaria, 1997), thus: ? Another attributing condition is the concurring expose’ or agitation of Jun Lozada, the witness and source of the issue. He is being condoned by varying political opposition groups that calls for the president’s immediate resignation. ? The rallies and indignation activities are supported by political rivals, among them, former President Joseph Estrada (who has been toppled down by a people power in year 2001) who is allied with the demonstrators. Analyzing Pattern of Actions The pre-determinants of the issues and condition are bases in analyzing the pattern of actions based on similar circumstances and occurrences (Cochran, et. al, 2006): ? A military-back people power toppled the Marcos regime in 1986 dubbed as EDSA I; ? Ousting of the Estrada Administration by a people power in 2001 dubbed as EDSA II; ? The aborted siege of Estrada supporters to Malacanan Palace on May 2001 claimed as EDSA III; ? The call to oust the current Arroyo Administration being claimed as EDSA IV. Perception The series of political turns in the Philippine government is seemingly a rendition of power struggle of the civil society group—non-bearing to an armed struggle, which the government claimed to have been militarily controlled in selective combat areas of its countryside. One interesting consideration representing the civil society groups in urban areas are composing of the middle class professionals, labor unions, students and selective clergies that clamors for the so-called EDSA IV. Second interesting point to consider is the composition of the political leanings of the urban civil society groups that are composing of the socialist democrats, liberal democrats and the national democrats. These classifications are attributed according to pulse on parliamentary response. On the other hand, the extremists and leftists groups â€Å"freely swim and ride† at the clamors of the civil society groups. Framing the issue and legal parameters The civil society groups’ claim of public distrust on the Arroyo Administration is attributed by the accusation on anomalies pointed to the President’s spouse (being the First Gentleman). As provided by the Article 8 of the Philippines’ Civil Code, a jurisprudential consideration shall be the basis of President’s immunity from suit (The Law Professor, 2007) and may not be singled out by an issue of alleged anomaly emanating from the President’s kinship, in which the due process of law and rule of court is applicable (Bermudez, et. al. , 1986; in The Law Professor, 2007). Otherwise, the Congress may convene its majority members to enact an impeachment proceeding due probabilities on the President’s direct involvement to anomaly. The impeachment proceeding shall be then convened by the Senate and a member of the Judiciary (Supreme Court) to preside the judicial inquiry. Conducting research on social phenomena Purpose. The purpose of research is â€Å"to relate populism as opposed to politics of the mob, and similar case studies on political adventurism manifesting a social phenomena†. Methodology. The methodology of research shall cover the key components in finding the issue and condition as a guideline with two-prong framework, such as: (1) investigative of the situation, and (2) survey at random response or pulse rate. Technical need. An inclusion of professional expertise (like political scientists, economists, and sociologists), academicians and scholars shall be involved to support the empirical application of actuarial science that shall compose the technical study team. Scope and Target. The scope and target shall focus on the Philippines’ civil society groups and other segments (sector) of the society contained in the urban areas or capitals. Strategic Conduct. The strategic conduct of research shall not limit the scope and target, in which actual integration would be an advantage. Time Frame. A six-month conduct shall be proposed to the technical team. However, flexibility shall be adopted in order to determine efficiency and viability results. Implementing Guidelines. A regular scheduling of meeting or consultative discussion and activity planning shall be determined and adopted by the technical team. Likewise, a bi-monthly strategic assessment should be established in order to keep track on development and determine the progress of implementation. Evaluation and Action. The result of the study shall be concluded and given the adequate, appropriate and impartial analysis. The overall result may be utilized in aid of a nationalized policy initiatives and may impart international interest in the field of studies on governance, political affairs and jurisprudence of law. Conclusion The presentation of issues discussed in this paper finds its relevance to unfolding a democracy, to which, the emergence of democratic processes in a country of renewed democracy is found with ultra-liberal forces that manifest to influence the majority political perception. This manifestation of ultra-liberal forces in a complex political system differ the fundamentals of Constitutional mandate and exhibits wayward democratic forces similar to a mob that enjoys in a democratic space and liberal segment of a society. The use of populism could have been assumed in the process of interaction of the sovereign people but may be used in unfavorable transition, wherein a clash at the inner circle of power monopolies could be hidden in the middle of the clamor for yet another political change of governance amidst the increasing poverty incidence of 26. 9% (NSCB, 2008). Thus, the legitimate quest for populism and sustainable growth of democracies may be omitted at the spur of political agitations. References Byrnes, T. (2005). â€Å"Critical Thinking in the Social Sciences†.Retrieved 08 March 2008 from http://faculty. valenciacc. edu/tbyrnes/poscritical. htm. Cochran, et. al. (2006). â€Å"American Public Policy: An Introduction†. Thompson/Wadsworth Publishing, 8th Edition. ISBN: 0-534-60163-4. NSCB (2008). â€Å"Poverty Worsens Between 2003 and 2006†. National Statistical Coordinating Board, Philippines. Retrieved 08 March 2008 from http://www. nscb. gov. ph/pressreleases/2008/PR-200803-SS2-02_pov. asp Philippine Daily Inquirer (2008). â€Å"Senate Probe on Lozada’s Testimony†. Retrieved 08

Saving Nature but Only for Man

Charles Krauthammer, in his essay â€Å"Saving Nature, but Only for Man,† argues against whom he refers to as a sentimental environmentalist. Charles Krauthammer is a well-known right-wing political columnist and commentator who has worked or contributed to a number of magazines throughout his career (Krauthammer 292) His purpose behind writing this article was to prove that nature is here to serve man and not the other way around. The logic of his argument derives from an unusual form of pathos: an appeal to a human's fondness for other humans over so-called luxurious aspects of the environment. This pathos coupled with appealing to people's fear and moralistic views are the rhetorical strategies he utilizes throughout his argument. Krauthammer begins his argument by saying that people are beginning to make protecting the environment and becoming more green-friendly a prominent moral value in 1991's society. With great influences and important figures like Ted Turner and George Bush, along with companies such as Dow and Exxon showing their â€Å"love for Mother Earth,† people are starting to change their views and attitudes of the environment (292). This type of environmentalist (or what he refers to as a â€Å"sentimental environmentalist at the end of his essay (294)) is inclined to intertwine man and nature into one, but Krauthammer on the other hand claims that â€Å"When man has to choose between his well-being and that of nature, nature will have to accommodate†. (293). The foundation of his argument comes from Protagoras' old maxim, that â€Å"Man is the measure of all things† (293). In other words, man can only know the universe through man's eyes. All of physics is human physics, all of philosophy is human philosophy. In the past, animals (including humans) have accommodated to nature, suffering through various natural disasters: floods, volcanic eruptions, tornadoes and hurricanes. Krauthammer claims that now we must make the natural world into a natural world form humans (293). Krauthammer's first goal in his argument was to inject a sense of fear to his readers. To do this, he provides an example of what's currently happening in our ecosystem, such as the looming crises of the greenhouse effect and ozone depletion, and how stopping these man-made disasters would e a necessity (292). These two problems are undeniably the result of our civilization, but are made urgent only because they threaten man. In Krauthammer's eyes, the threat to nature they create is only credible because damaging nature (in this case at least) means damaging us humans. This is why we should stop the damaging climate change; not to save nature, but to save nature for mankind. This is not an effective plan of attack. By ta king this approach, Krauthammer is relying on the reader accepting his or her own ego-centrism. Whether or not the reader is wholly self-interested, no one is swayed by accusations of selfishness. He also appeals to people's emotions by having them imagine themselves requesting â€Å"hardworking voters to sacrifice in the name of the snail darter†, only then to say that these voters would barely even give them a â€Å"shrug† (293). This is an obscure reference. It is confusing for the reader because many who would come across the term â€Å"snail darter† would assume that Krauthammer is referencing a member of the lower class, where in reality it's a type of bird. However, this can be effective because whether or not his audience knows that a snail darter is a bird, the reader is likely imagining themselves being these hardworking voters, and feel shame because of their potential actions. This is his strange use of pathos: that we, as humans, should care for other humans more than other living things, especially if we don't even care enough for birds. Any reader capable of feeling compassion for the snail darter or guilt for the voters will not separate man and nature, and therefore will not make this distinction in his argument. The staggering amount of favoritism he gives to humans, especially in comparison with other aspects of the planet, is at the center of each of his examples. Which of these would be more correct: killing and ruining the livelihood of humans, or the destruction of a species' natural habitat? Krauthammer makes the attempt to tap into people's moralistic views, otherwise known as ethos. He knows that when it comes to having to choose between the two, people would generally sacrifice the animals before themselves or their kind. With this in mind, he creates a sequence of events that makes his audience aware that sentimentalizing the environment is not always the right choice for the benefit of humanity. For instance, he brings up the topic of the war in the Middle East. Krauthammer states that the only reason why we're having this war is because we believe that drilling for oil in Alaska could disturb the caribou breeding grounds. We would not have to police the Middle East for their oil if we could get the exact same product from our own soil (293). This too is an appeal to emotions because people do not want other people to die in vain, especially when there is another solution to avoid these deaths of American soldiers. He gives a similar example, this time in a hypothetical situation, with a forest full of spotted owls. The welfare of thirty thousand lumberjacks and their families depend upon logging this forest, which could cause the extinction of this spotted owl (293). Again Krauthammer is forgetting his target audience. No â€Å"sentimental environmentalist† will agree to ending a human conflict by sacrificing the lives of innocent animals. These examples are incapable of changing the minds of the readers who disagree with his views. If there's anything effective about his argument, it is what he does to draw in his audience of choice. Clearly there would be no point in trying to convince an audience that's already in agreement with Krauthammer, so he targets these so-called sentimental environmentalists. Among other things, he does this by choosing a very intriguing title for his essay. Generally, people who see the phrase â€Å"Saving Nature, but Only for Man† as the title for an argument would think that the author is trying to make a point that â€Å"Man† in general is selfishly saving nature for themselves and not for animals or any other living organism. Just like any regular person would do (in this case, a sentimental environmentalist), one is only interested in reading something that would correlate with their point of view. With this Man-is-Selfish title, Krauthammer would have accomplished his goal in captivating an audience who is in favor of what the title seems to be. Then, once these green friendly citizens are already reading Krauthammer's argument, they will have the chance to see his logic and reasoning as to why it is necessary to become more anthropocentric. The real problem is that he abandons this audience soon after, scolding his target readers more than convincing them. The most obvious opening in this argument is that we as humans cannot foresee all of the consequences of our actions. Actually labeling every part of nature as a luxury or necessity does a disservice to the cycles within cycles that is the environment. Too many species and topics can fall in a gray area between the two and any moderation in Krauthammer's argument is not readily apparent. For example, one forest of spotted owls may not mean much, but certainly the Earth as a whole needs a certain number of trees, and possibly a certain number of flying predators to keep the rodent population under control (something they do simply, which we humans often struggle with). To begin another example, humans eat a lot of salmon. Bears also eat a lot of salmon. If we cut down the bear population, we could harvest more salmon safely. However, this pattern may not continue into other food chains. Sharks also eat salmon, but if we killed all the sharks, the fish that they eat (and the fish that we don't eat) will multiply out of control, and ruin the ocean for the salmon. Krauthammer's argument hinges upon humans being the appropriate (or at least competent) caretakers of the complex planet Earth. We have neither the maturity nor the technology to manage an entire planet's ecology. One can also notice a large sense of bias in Krauthammer's argument. There is at least one time where he insults his target audience, actually stating that â€Å"†¦ this anthropocentrism runs against the grain of a contemporary environmentalism that indulges in earth worship to the point of idolatry† (293). This may be true of some, but to say that the current environmental activists all engage in some kind of nature worship is a little overboard. Instead of alienating his audience, Krauthammer should be working to find middle ground or at least convert their beliefs. Despite a deceptive title, Krauthammer's argument is a poorly-crafted article that only serves to state his opinion. His methods of arguing (arousing the audience's affection and conscientious minds) are powerful but unsuccessful because it does not take the reader's viewpoint into consideration. However, it is ultimately up to the reader to decide its impact. The consequences of a world where we value ourselves above all else will have unforeseen negative side effects. If nothing else, our future rests in the decision we make, and in whether or not we choose to trust our own judgment or in mother nature's.

The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization

The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization Introduction Modern technologies have led to the development of the internet. The internet is currently important because it has resulted in enormous changes in the way human beings exchange ideas, communicate, shop, and even work. The internet has made the world a very small village thereby promoting economic development and information broadcasting.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The use of the internet is changing the world at a fascinating rate. Modern civilization is taking shape through the internet and telecommunications. With this in mind, this essay explains the idea that the internet is currently the heart of modern telecommunication. Telecommunications are the nervous system and circulatory system of this whole process. The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization It is without doubts that the internet is bringi ng enormous changes in our world. Because of this, many people have agreed that the internet has continued to have enormous impacts on the lives of many people today. The first instance of civilization is the way people communicate. Communication is one of the primary uses of modern technologies including the internet. The world has witnessed the increasing benefits of the internet through the quality and frequency of human interaction and interpersonal relations. People are now communicating easily and comfortable because of the internet (Gorp, 2007, p. 27). Proper communication leads to societal integrations thereby resulting satisfaction and happiness. In business, activities such as transportation and communication are relevant towards the success of the organization. Modern civilization has promoted the way business partners exchange ideas and information. The civilization process is also promoting transportation and logistics among businesses partners. With the internet, it is easier to communicate instantly thereby determine the products to be transported and the time they should be delivered. The internet is therefore playing an enormous role towards new civilization (Targowski, 2008, p. 8). When organizations, people, and businesses are communicating effectively and instantly, it becomes possible to promote the best ideas and strategies. This will definitely promote civilization as it is happening in the world today. Information is necessary if we are to achieve new ideas and promote civilization. The internet is currently providing doctors, scientists, architects and engineers with immediate information in their specific fields. The information is necessary because it is helping them advance their ideas and understanding about the subject (Targowski, 2008, p. 14).Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This development is increa sing the potential to address most of the problems faced in the different fields of study. The result is that society has become very civilized and developed. These are the positive results of internet use. Students in different colleges and institutions are finding the internet effective in exchanging information and technologies. This has improved the speed at which our world is becoming civilized. Civilization has a unique relationship with globalization. The world is becoming small because people are finding it easier to communicate and exchange their views across the globe. Some of the unique characteristics of globalization include fast exchange of information, improvement of trade, and promotion of policies with global relevance. Different countries are now shifting to global business because of the services provided by modern technologies. The internet is making it possible to send notifications and e-mails (Gorp, 2007, p. 42). The ability to communicate is a backbone toward s civilization. The internet has connected all the nations in the world. This has increased the level of communication and integration. As a result, the information exchanged through the internet provides businesses, learning institutions, and organizations with resourceful ideas and information used to promote modern civilization. Globalization is also defining new ways of doing business and addressing global problems. Currently we have different societies getting global support through the available means of communication. The internet is making it easier to communicate, implement policies and offer educational support to different individuals (King, 2009, p. 48). This has empowered the societies thereby addressing most of the problems addressing them. The internet is making most of the information in the developed nations available to the underdeveloped societies. With this information, these nations are relying on the available ideas to promote their activities in agriculture, m anagement of the economy, and implementation of policies capable of promoting sustainability. Because of this, the rate at which our world continues to get civilized is very interesting. Most of the modern technologies such as computer innovations and movie productions rely on the internet for development. The invention of the internet is currently presenting new strategies whereby companies are marketing their products and delivering them to their clients (Spielvogel, 2008, p. 48). This has improved international and local businesses thus developing different economies in the world. Although different technologies are not related to the internet, it is agreeable that the technology has made it possible for such civilizations to be realized. This is because different scientists and engineers are relying different methods of communication to exchange their skills and promote the best practices that will promote economic prosperity.Advertising We will write a custom research p aper sample on The Internet as the Heart of Modern Civilization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The social media emerging from internet use has made it possible for individuals to interact and exchange their ideas to promote civilization. With this in mind, different people have relied on the advantages of the internet to communicate, develop, and promote the best incentives capable of presenting global civilization (Mumford, 2010, p. 63). The internet has become the heart of the new civilization emerging in the world today. With the internet, different successes have occurred in various sectors of the economy such as market, communication, transportation, and production industries. With these developments in place, the world easily fighting most of the hardships and challenges faced in different societies such as inequality and poverty. In our world today, modern civilization does not depend on the integrity of architectural designs and la ndscapes. This is based on the way people communicate and exchange their concepts and ideas. With the internet, it is now possible to communicate and explore the best concepts that will lead to better human integration. New civilizations are continuing to make human life comfortable and enjoyable than ever before (Mozaffari, 2012, p. 15). Currently, the number of people relying on the internet is growing at an amazing rate. With this trend, the world will get more civilized and improve the way we address most of the problems and challenges faced in life. Through social media, communication is becoming meaningful and instant. As a result, the balance of power in the global village is shifting due to the effects on communication. Through the internet, different societies have exchanged their views thereby bringing down most of the regimes that seem to oppress them (Mumford, 2010, p. 19). A good example is the revolution that took place in Libya. The revolution ended to a regime that h ad oppressed the country. The effects of social media on modern communication is currently shifting balance of power in our global village. As more people continue to rely on the internet, it becomes easier to address the problems faced in the society and lead to new developments and civilization. The internet and telecommunications have developed together. With the internet being the heart of civilization today, telecommunications are the nervous system and circulatory system of this wave of modernity. The modern means of communication such as computers and phones are effective in enabling communication today. These telecommunication devices also support internet-based applications thereby making communication possible.Advertising Looking for research paper on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Many people are today relying on different telecommunications to exchange ideas and knowledge thereby making it possible to become civilized (Mozaffari, 2012, p. 12). These technologies have improved different methods of communication through which different societies have achieved greater developments in the economy. The internet and telecommunication form a synergistic structure capable of improving human advancement and civilization. Conclusion The internet is presently the heart of human civilization. Many people are relying on the internet to promote economic activities, exchange ideas, and communicate amongst themselves. The internet educates and informs many people about the changes in the society. Through the internet, the human race has become highly civilized thereby addressing most of the challenges facing them. The internet is used hand-in-hand with telecommunications. This is the reason different forms of communication are the nervous system of this new civilization. If the world is to be civilized and be able to address the economic and social problems faced today, there is need to embrace the benefits of the internet because this will ensure the economic progress of the world. It is also necessary to promote different forms of telecommunications because they will promote human civilization. List of References Gorp, L 2007. Integrate the Internet Across the Content Areas, Prentice Hall, New Jersey. King, M 2009. Western civilization: a social and cultural history, The Free Press, New York. Mozaffari, M 2012. Globalization and civilizations, John Wiley and Sons, New York. Mumford, L 2010. Technics and Civilization, McGraw Hill, New York. Spielvogel, J 2008. Western Civilization: To 1500, Oxford University Press, New York. Targowski, A 2008. Information technology and societal development, Longman, New York.

Hypocorisma

Hypocorisma Hypocorisma Hypocorisma By Maeve Maddox When Dick Cheney said, â€Å"We’re in deep doo-doo,† he was expressing himself with hypocorisma. Hypocorisma is a type of euphemism derived from a Greek word meaning â€Å"pet name.† The English word hypocorism may be defined as â€Å"the diminutive or otherwise altered version of a given name.† Sometimes the original name is clear in the hypocorism: Johnny < John Chris < Christopher Millie < Millicent Pat, Patty Sometimes the hypocorism differs from the original name: Kit < Christopher Hal < Henry Ned < Edward Meg, Peggy < Margaret Molly, Polly Hypocorisma also applies to the diminutives of ordinary words like television and â€Å"nursery words†: words used by adults in speaking to young children. Here are examples of diminutives of ordinary words often used by adults: telly < television undies < underwear hanky < handkerchief comfy < comfortable Here are some typical nursery words. Several are euphemisms. Several are completely different in appearance from the words they represent: doggy, bow-wow for dog horsey, gee-gee for horse choo-choo for train pee-pee, wee-wee, number one for urine doo-doo, poo-poo, poop, number two for feces grown-up for adult scaredy-cat for easily frightened person The use of diminutives and pet names is usually an indication of affection or intimacy, but sometimes hypocorisma is used to diminish, infantilize, or insult. For example, the same words used as endearments by family members and close friends are seen as insulting when they come from strangers. Some people don’t seem to mind being called honey, sweetie, or babe by store clerks or other service personnel, but others feel emotions ranging from annoyance to fury: I have walked out of restaurants after being called honey [or] babe. Dear Abby said it is sexual harassment. I HATE being called honey. Newington police arrested a man they said became angry when a store clerk called him honey and then punched her in the face. A friendly â€Å"Hon† to frequent customers in a local restaurant is one thing, but in the workplace in general, employees, customers, and healthcare workers would be wise to avoid terms of endearment, especially when dealing with a segment of the population that is bombarded with such empty endearments. People in their seventies and above are so often addressed in nursery language that researchers have a word for this type of hypocorisma: elderspeak. According to Becca Levy, an associate professor of epidemiology and psychology at Yale University, the way elderly people are talked to affects their health. A University of Kansas study of the effects of elderspeak on people suffering from mild to moderate dementia found that when staff spoke to patients as if they were children, saying such things as â€Å"Good girl!† and â€Å"How are we feeling?† the patients were more aggressive and less receptive than if they were spoken to adult-to-adult. The study concluded that elderspeak sends a message that the patient is incompetent and â€Å"begins a negative downward spiral for older persons, who react with decreased self-esteem, depression, withdrawal and the assumption of dependent behaviors.† Words matter. So does context. Terms of endearment are probably best reserved for the people we hold dear. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Inquire vs Enquire75 Idioms and Expressions That Include â€Å"Break†English Grammar 101: Prepositions

Remembering, feeling, and thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Remembering, feeling, and thinking - Essay Example The interrelationship among the psychological concepts of motivation, emotion and behavior is important to understand. Human behaviors are always directed towards certain motives and those motives are further propelled by emotion. Human emotion stands in between motivation and the behavior. Emotion, first of all, stems from motivation. A desire to do or achieve something comes from emotion and the success or failure of the same also results in the arousal of emotions – joy or happiness if one is successful and sadness or distress if one fails. The emotions thus aroused make the person show appropriate behaviors that project those emotions. For example, a sad person stops eating and a happy person may start dancing and singing! Sometimes emotion also effects motivation. Often times our goals and ambitions stem from the kind of emotional state one is in. A joyful person might be motivated to spend time in recreational activities while a frustrated person might choose to seclude himself inside closed doors. Let us look at the behavior of John, a high school student who wants to pursue a degree in engineering. His ambition to become an engineer is a motivation and his desperate search for a suitable institution that can provide a degree in engineering is the behavior propelled by his motivation for achievement. This motivation, on the other hand does not appear without emotion. John feels extremely happy when he repairs certain machines like his neighbor’s computer or his old radio and when he makes certain buildings out of plastics or cartoons. He is always driven towards outdoor activities and is obsessed with other clerical jobs and other activities that require dexterous capabilities and mathematical intelligence. Thus such behaviors are always motivated and those motivations are always liked to emotions. II. Theories of Emotion There are four major theories proposed to explain emotions. The first one is The James-Lange Theory. According to this t heory an event causes a physiological arousal and it is only when you interpret the physical response, you experience the resulting emotion (Maddie, 2011). For example a girl walking in dark hears certain sounds of an animal, and her heartbeat rises. She interprets this reaction to be fear. The Cannon-Bard theory claims that â€Å"we feel emotions and experience physiological reactions such as sweating, trembling and muscle tension simultaneously† (Kendra, 2011). For example I see a snake; I feel afraid and begin to tremble. The Schacter-Singer Theory says that two factors are essential for the experience of emotions, high physiological arousal and an emotional interpretation of that arousal. According to the theory, an event causes physiological  arousal  first. You must then identify a reason for this  arousal  and then you are able to experience and label the emotion (Schachter-Singer Theory, 2011). The Lazarus theory builds on the Schechter-Singer theory and propo ses that when an event occurs, a cognitive appraisal is made and based on the results of that appraisal, an emotion and physiological response follow. The most valid theory for me is the Cannon-Bard theory because it acknowledges the fact that the experience of emotion and physiological reaction occurs simultaneously. Moreover it does not assert the need for ‘interpretation’ of emotion, for, emotion is instinctual and a person engrossed in the emotion hardly has a change to ‘interpret’ the same, yet, he feels the emotion. The least valid theory for me is the James-Langue theory. It is not necessary that the physiological arousal must occur first and it is also not necessary to ‘interpret’ the physical reaction for a person to know what emotion he is feeling. Emotions often occur in a subtle form where we notice our physical reaction such as rejoice way after we have felt the emotion. III. Thinking, Intelligence and Creativity Thinking is the pr ocess of making use of mind or the brain to observe, interpret and make sense of the world around us.

Employee Recruitment and Selection Research Paper

Employee Recruitment and Selection - Research Paper Example Labour efficiency is achieved by employing people with the right skills for assigned jobs and balancing the right number of workers to do the job. Therefore, applicants should be carefully identified, targeted, and recruited for positions. This research report, focusing on the recruitment and selection of IT employees, preferably Information and Computer Science Graduates, for an international organisation will, following a review of the relevant theoretical literature, suggest a recruitment and selection technique which is cost effective, timely and, importantly, establishes an immediate correlation between targeted recruitment environment, candidate selection and job description. Â  In other words, drawing upon both empirical and theoretical literature, the report shall propose a recruitment and selection framework which is immediately informed by the job requirements, its associated tasks and responsibilities.Labour efficiency is achieved by employing people with the right skills for assigned jobs and balancing the right number of workers to do the job. Therefore, applicants should be carefully identified, targeted, and recruited for positions. This research report, focusing on the recruitment and selection of IT employees, preferably Information and Computer Science Graduates, for an international organisation will, following a review of the relevant theoretical literature, suggest a recruitment and selection technique which is cost effective, timely and, importantly, establishes an immediate correlation between targeted recruitment environment, candidate selection and job description. In other words, drawing upon both empirical and theoretical literature, the report shall propose a recruitment and selection framework which is immediately informed by the job requirements, its associated tasks and responsibilities. 2 Theoretical Overview There is a wealth of theoretical and empirical literature on employee recruitment and selection. This section shall review some of this literature with the purpose being the latter formulation of a best-practices framework for the recruitment and selection of 20 IT employees in the international firm referenced in the preceding. Appendix I presents an overview of the positions to be filled. 2.1 Recruitment Recruiting techniques to maximize not only the quantity of applicants, but also quality, are important because the screening process requires significant organizational resources (Sherman, Bohlander and Snell, 1996). IT positions take an average of 37% longer to fill than non-IT positions, ' search firm recruiting fees can be as high as 40 percent of annual salaryr3' and average costs may range from $7,500 to $25,000 per employee for all modes of recruiting combined. In addition to the direct costs, the difficult to measure, but undoubtedly more critical lost opportunity costs of not having necessary human resources, make IT recruitment a strategic imperative in the current economy (Mencken, 1998). Recruitment research has steadily increased over the past thirty years, including studies of the effect of selected recruitment sources on outcome. One of the earliest studies of recruitment sources and linkage to beneficial organizational outcomes compared results of informal versus formal sources. A primary difference between these two broad types of recruiting techniques is that formal recruitment involves a formal market intermediary between the organization and potential employee, Ullman's (1966) study discovered a lower turnover rate for employees recruited through informal sources (i.e. direct applications, referrals) than for those identified through formal approaches (i.e. advertising, employment agencies) . Subsequent research offered theoretical explanations for the relationship between source and outcome, most notably the "realistic information" hypothesis and the "individual difference" hypothesis. The " realistic information" hypothesis suggests that workers recruited throug

Financial crisis regulatory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Financial crisis regulatory - Essay Example Robert Shiller examined the controversy of the global economic crisis and its management and raised prudent arguments about the practice. The economist argues that democratization of finance provides an ideal strategy of managing the contemporary and future economic crisis. Some analysts support Shiller’s perspective while others have criticized his ideology. Interestingly, few economists argue that the financial regulations adopted by the OECD countries are sufficient in containing financial crisis (Gray & Akseli, 2011 p. 2). Considering the magnitude of the idea of global financial crisis management, there is a need of developing knowledge of ideal approaches of managing the problem. This article provides an analysis of the debate started by Shiller concerning democratizing finance while comparing the argument with the types of regulatory measures practiced by the OECD countries. The Shiller’s perspective on financial crisis Shiller explores the importance of moral re putation of finance institutions in management of economic crisis. After the 2008 global economic recession, anger expressed itself in objections around the world. People constantly criticized how powerful profit oriented social-economic procedures have influenced financial institutions. The Occupy movement staged serious actions challenging the relationship between the government and businesses. A clear insight was that individuals responsible for the crisis would revitalize their moral reputations by adopting acceptable financial procedures (Kroszner, Shiller & Friedman, 2011 p. 4). Shiller has popularized an idea that economists need to reclaim the finance for the common good instead of condemning it. He argues that finance is a powerful tool that the society can utilize in solving its problem and in developing its general welfare. The global economy needs more finance but not less and the finance should facilitate the attainment of the society’s goals (Tropeano, 2011 p. 5 ). Consequently, the analyst emphasizes the need of rethinking about finance and its responsibility in the society. Particularly, Shiller claims that financial management should not merely include the manipulation of money or control of risks but should mainly involve the stewardship of community’s assets. The economist highlights how individuals serving in the financial careers can manage, safeguard and increase the public assets. Moreover, the analyst explains how finance has contributed to the good of the society through inventions, savings accounts, mortgage and pensions. Consequently, Shillers insists that economists and policy makers should devise new strategies for rechanneling financial creativity to benefit global economies (Princeton University, 2012 p. 1). Previous regulations schemes have targeted restricting the financial sector by slowing down the development of lending or trading. However, Shiller’s alternative believes that this ideology is unproductive especially in the current dynamic industry that presents high degrees of dynamism. The Shiller’s model values the importance of creativity, personal morality, education and effect of finance on the people’s lives (Princeton University, 2012 p. 1). Shiller supports the present financial regulation system arguing that although the system is imperfect, it plays a significant role in stabilizing the global economy.

Economic Impact Of Technology Interventions Streptokinase Economics Essay

Economic Impact Of Technology Interventions Streptokinase Economics Essay About 14 million patients in India suffer from heart attacks every year. Of these, 2.8 million patients can benefit from a clot buster drug which would save the patients life and provide room for further treatment such as medical stents if so required. Coronary heart disease claims over a million lives every year in India. There is a need for a safe and affordable clot buster drug. At the turn of the century, clot buster drug formulations were either imported or based on imported bulk drug and formulated domestically. They were expensive, equivalent to eighteen months (tPA) to two months (Streptokinase) of per capita income at that time. Cost matters more in India unlike in countries with universal health insurance as most Indians spend out of own pocket for health expenses. Given Indias prowess in generic drugs, the production capacity gap in an area of health emergency with severe consequences seems an anomaly. The gap stems from the fact that clot buster drugs are biotechnology dr ugs which require competencies quite different from those of the usual drugs based on chemical synthesis. CSIR-IMTECH, Chandigarh made efforts to develop a process to produce clot buster drugs. Initial efforts were unsuccessful, in part due to the complex nature of the animal sources based protein drug. Subsequent teams picked up the challenge again, chose a simpler molecule and after some misses, could develop a process for natural streptokinase and then recombinant streptokinase, both harnessed from micro-organisms. The misses were important steps providing crucial learning for the process development. Streptokinase technology was transferred to industry partners, natural Streptokinase to Cadila Pharma and recombinant Streptokinase to Shasun Pharma. Implementing the technology on the shopfloor faced difficulties. In the case of recombinant streptokinase, regulatory approvals took time to obtain. The knowing-doing gap was bridged by closing the competency gap through sustained engagement between the CSIR-IMTECH scientists and the managers and technology staff of the licensees. Persevera nce, team perseverance, allowing mistakes, dynamic learning from disciplined failure, give-and-take by both the scientists team and the industrial practitioners team, and a can-do, must-do, done mind-set were the keys to success. Leadership steering at both the Lab and the Industry with a commitment to collaborate and continual collaborating was crucial. This led the transition from the lab scale to industrial scale. The respective products were launched in 2001 and 2009. The results are quite encouraging. Prices have dropped (by 65 percent, to less than one month of per capita income), availability has increased, access to a life-saving medicine has risen, and patients have realized a worth of over Rs. 16,000 crores due to the CSIR-IMTECH/licensees Streptokinase. The economic impact, or the additional benefit that would be lost if this CSIR-IMTECH Streptokinase technology intervention had not been there, is assessed based on medical impact of Streptokinase and using per capita income to be Rs. 2180 crores. The Lab itself accomplished net earnings valued at Rs.1.8 crores and the Industry partners together realized value addition of Rs. 17 crores. Innovating for affordable healthcare is inclusive innovation. The benefits to patients eclipse the benefits to those who generated the technology intervention. This pursuit of innovation continues. CSIR-IMTECH has taken the science of clot-buster drugs to a level where improved Streptokinase (smarter streptokinase) molecules will have the advantages of the far more expensive animal cell line based tPA but will be much more affordable. Similarly, while access has expanded (about 120,000 standard doses), there remain millions of patients in need of this life-saving drug. More needs to be done. Introduction Heart attacks, strokes, respiratory and cardiac failure have a common enemy in blood clots in the bloodstream that can block blood supply to the heart muscle, any part of the brain or the lungs. The consequence of blockage is damage to the heart muscle, the brain cells, or the lung tissue which is usually irreversible and debilitating, if not fatal. Extreme consequences can arise if the treatment is not administered within a window of few hours (3-4.5 hours, Klabunde (2007), Hacke et. al. (2008)). Then, the heart or brain tissue, as the case may be, gets damaged which is mostly irreversible. Treatments range from clot-dissolving medication to surgical intervention such as angioplasty or insertion of stents and open chest bypass surgery. Clot busters, as clot dissolving drugs are called, attack the clot itself to dissolve it and restore blood supply. Angioplasty is an invasive and expensive procedure where blocked arteries are opened up using medical stents thus making more space for the blood supply to be restored. Similarly, bypass surgery is invasive and very expensive (see appendix 1). Prevention in high-risk patients (hardened and narrowed/blocked arteries) is via blood thinner drugs that reduce blood density allowing blood to flow through the reduced space. Despite preventive treatment, clots can form and occlusion in blood vessels can occur. Then, clot buster drugs are life saviours. In India, more than a million patients die due to coronary heart disease every year (appendix 1). Until the year 2001, no domestic production of clot-busters existed. The formulations were imported: among others, the lead formulations of Streptokinase Kabinase by Kabi Pharmacia, Sweden and Streptase by Hoechst Marion Roussel, Germany were priced then between Rs. 3000 to Rs. 4000 per vial (Krishnan (2000)). The dominant drug in this class of drugs, Tissue Plasminogen Asctivator (tPA) cost more than Rs. 30,000 per vial. Thus, clot buster drugs were expensive and the supply was short of requirement. In terms of per capita income at that time, this amounted to eighteen months of income for tPA and about two months of income for Streptokinase. The Streptokinase market was about 21 thousand vials of standard dose of 1.5 miu  [1]  . Lack of affordability could have restricted access. Given Indian pharmaceutical industrys prowess in generic drugs, realized through strengths in organic chemicals synthesis and process engineering, this raises the question about the obstacles. The Indian pharmaceutical industry was essentially based on chemical entities whereas clot buster drugs are based on biotechnology  [2]  which was almost non-existent in India around the turn of the century. Thus, access to affordable life-saving clot buster drugs was limited domestically. To make it affordable, it had to be produced domestically. To produce it domestically, a suitable technology had to be developed. The technology had then to be transitioned from a laboratory scale to an industrial scale. As in the case of affordable chemical drugs, the impetus of finding solutions and creating domestic capacity also came from CSIR Labs. In the case of generic chemical drugs, the core scientists came from Labs such as the NCL, Pune, IICT, Hyderabad and CDRI, Lucknow. These scientists and their industry contemporaries developed and implemented safe and cost effective technologies in a short time span. In the case of biotechnology, processes are being developed by IMTECH, Chandigarh and IICB, Kolkata among others. A program at IMTECH tapped into finding a solution to the problem of an affordable clot buster drug. The program has roots in projects dating back to 1989. The scientists examined the prevalent clot buster drug tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) but then chose instead an alternate less complex protein Streptokinase for development. This study examines the benefits realized from the Streptokinase project, specifically, the natural Streptokinase biotechnology drug licensed to Cadila Pharma and the recombinant Streptokinase drug technology licensed to Shasun Pharma Limited, to quantify the value creation and to assess the economic impact. The Industry The Indian pharmaceutical industry is among the top science based industries and focused on quality affordable drugs. It is estimated to be USD 21 billion or about Rs. 105,000 crores with exports accounting for about 40 percent (USD 8.7 billion) in 2009-10 (DOP (2011, 2012)). The industry is growing at over 10 percent per year. It is the sixth largest industry in India ranked by contribution to GDP (CSO (2011)). Globally, it ranks 3rd in terms of volume of production (10 percent of global share) and 14th largest in terms of value (1.5 percent of global share). A reason for the low value share is the lower cost of drugs in India 5 to 50 percent less than in developed countries. Thus, the Indian drugs and pharmaceutical industry is focused on affordable drugs. The Indian pharmaceutical industry is diverse. The number of units is quoted at over 20,000. However, the actual number of drug manufacturing licenses issued is about 5877 (GOI (2003))  [3]  . Registered factories are about 3500 (CSO (2011)), the rest being smaller unregistered units. The units are spread across India and provide depth that accounts for the 10 percent global volume share. Apart from MNCs such as Glaxo Smithkline, Pfizer, Astra Zeneca, several Indian companies Ranbaxy, Dr. Reddys, Cipla, Lupin and others have global operations. Biotechnology based drugs have taken root and are growing. Companies such as Biocon, Serum Institute of India, Panacea Biotec, and Reliance Life Sciences have adopted biotechnology. The biotechnology industry value exceeds Rs. 20,000 crores in 2011-12 (BioSpectrum-ABLE Biotech Survey 2012). Many Indian companies maintain the highest standards in purity, stability and international safety, health and environmental protection in production and supply of bulk drugs to buyer companies, who in turn are subject to stringent assessment by regulatory authorities in importing countries. These companies have secured regulatory approvals from USFDA, MHRA-UK, TGA-Australia, MCC-South Africa for their plants. Quality with certification is also a feature among many Indian pharmaceutical companies. During the last decade, the industry has embraced new technologies and adapted to regulatory regimes more aligned to international regulatory regimes. New business models have emerged to cope with and thrive in this environment. All of these have a bearing on the development of a domestic clot buster drug, namely, Streptokinase. With the advent of product patents in India from the 2005 amendment to the Patents Act, the focus has shifted from process engineering to drug discovery. Process engineering remains important. Several drugs will go off patent over the next few years and supply of cost effective quality generics would benefit the industry and the consumers. However, drug discovery is the new mantra. Drug discovery is a highly uncertain multi-million multi-year activity. For every one new drug molecule approved, the pipeline requires about twelve molecules for clinical trials candidacy. For every molecule reaching clinical candidacy, the pipeline of molecules is three molecules based on current success rates at each stage. The total costs spiral to over USD 600  [4]  million per new drug molecule in the USA over a span of a decade. Patent protection allows recovery of the investment but also makes the drug expensive. In India, the cost per new drug molecule can drop to less than USD 150 million due to lower costs (such as those of clinical trials). This lower cost is encouraging Indian drug enterprises to engage in drug discovery as they adapt to the product regime. However, even at the reduced cost in India, the drug would still be expensive and out of reach of many Indians. Drugs capacity building in India appears to be addressing reduction in costs and so also in the time span for drug discovery. Specialization along the chain of drug discovery via outsourcing is one emerging business model. Thus, RD is being shaped by Contract Research Organizations (CROs), Drug Discovery Development (DDD) and Clinical Trials Organizations (CTO). Manufacturing is by large integrated companies as also by Contract Manufacturers. Marketing is also by Contract Marketers and co-marketing alliances (IBEF (2010), KPMG (2006)). While regulatory changes may be the trigger for drug discovery, demand for drugs for Indian diseases is also an impetus. Chief among these are drugs for infective diseases found in India but not much in developed countries such as tuberculosis, malaria, typhoid, cholera etc. These diseases are far more prevalent in developing countries such as India where affordability is a key issue. Profits from patented multi-billion drug molecules will be tough to realize for these diseases. Thus, effective new molecules for these diseases would have to be developed within India. A major initiative underway in this regard is the Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) project of CSIR which seeks to harness talent across boundaries, cutting costs and hopes to reduce drug discovery time. It is open source and thus drug molecules found will be distributed without the higher price due to profits associated with patents. Costs will be cut down to the collaborative nature of the initiative. Incentives to col laborators are based on contributing to drug discovery for debilitating diseases and the recognition among peers. Also important are drugs for the so called lifestyle diseases such as diabetes (about 50 million diabetics in India as per Ramachandran et. al. (2010)) and hypertension (65 million hypertension patients in India as per Gupta (2004)), both high risk factors for emergencies such as heart attacks, strokes and respiratory failure. India is estimated to have about 14 million patients that suffer from myocardial infarction or heart attacks every year, of which 80 percent patients may not be receiving proper medical care (Financial Express (2002)). About 20 percent (2.8 million) of the cardiac patients population in India could use a clot buster drug. Only a fraction (about 200, 000 or under 10 percent) of these patients undergo bypass surgeries or angioplasty. The rest of the patients (2.6 million) could be treated with clot buster drugs administered within a window of 3-4.5 hours to the patient. Recall that there are over a million deaths every year due to coronary heart disease in India. With a growing number of diabetes and hypertension patients in India, and so increasing chances of blood vessel occlusion related deaths, having access to an affordable clot buster drug is going to be increasingly more important. An added advantage is the possibility of exports of these drugs since the diseases addressed are prevalent globally. The Technology Gap, Development and Commercialization A domestic clot buster drug was missing, as discussed earlier. The choice among three prevalent drugs narrowed to Streptokinase. Streptokinase is a 47kD  [5]  protein composed of 414 amino acids produced by several strains of beta hemolytic streptococci. It dissolves a clot occluding blood supply through a 3-step process. First, Streptokinase forms a complex with plasminogen (Pg). This 1:1 complex (the Partner Pg) rapidly becomes proteolytically active. Second, the Partner Pg complex acts on substrate Pg molecules in circulation to convert them to plasmin (Pn), the active form of the pro-enzyme Pg. Plasmin is a protease that is capable of breaking apart cross-links between fibrin molecules, which provide the structural integrity of blood clots. So, third, the plasmin rapidly dissolves the pathological clot occluding blood supply to the heart muscle in case of myocardial infarction, to brain tissue in case of stroke or to the lungs in case of respiratory failure. The Lab, Research Capacity and Technology Development Technology development has been enabled by science research and ongoing (and predecessor) projects at CSIR-IMTECH. The focus is science and technology related to microbial products. A key area is recombinant gene technology based products. One initiative relates to developing a domestic clot buster drug. The initial attempt in late 1980s focused on the prevalent drug tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA) which is naturally found in the human body in small quantities. Through recombinant gene technology, a pioneer of the field, Professor Collen and his organization Genentech USA produced tPA from animal cell lines in the early 1980s. Attempts to replicate tPA production in IMTECH did not fructify partly due to the volatile external environment prevalent at that time and so the lack of enough scientists to execute the task. During the early 1990s, subsequently, another team of scientists at IMTECH chose an alternative to tPA, namely, Streptokinase for development due to its simpler structure and higher probability of success in developing a novel process for domestic production. The process involved two key competencies protein science and cloning science among others. Technical problems arose again in implementing the recombinant gene technology. The scientists decided to down-shift to developing a process for producing Streptokinase from natural sources. It involves two main processes fermentation (protein production) and purification (separating the protein from the broth, purified to an extent that it is admissible to humans). This effort was successful lending both credibility to the process and boosting the morale of the scientists concerned. The first success helped to delineate the tasks possible from the tasks not possible (appendix 2). This paved the way for producing Streptokinase using re combinant gene technology increasing yield many times over. The key process innovation was the use of 2-step chromatography for purification. Leadership Throughout the years of development spanning 1989 onward, the scientists at CSIR-IMTECH were supported by the science leadership and management comprising four different institute directors and two different director-generals  [6]  . Leadership and institutional continuity combined with scientific ingenuity and perseverance to produce first natural and then recombinant streptokinase. The agenda continues and smart Streptokinase is under development which could be a life-saving and life-enhancing product not only for India and the developing nations but also for the developed countries. The Technology Transfer, Technology Embedding and Commercialization The lab scale success has to be transitioned to industrial scale and commercial success. Subsequent to the transfer of know-how on fermentation and purification processes and the strain, implementation at an industrial scale also faced many hurdles. While the science was established at the Lab with lab scale production, the transition to industrial scale volumes threw up challenges (see appendix 2). As at the Lab level, informed hit and trial, learning from failure, delineating what not to do from what to do helped to transition the technology to industrial scale. Standardization of the industrial biotechnology process entailed initial training, repeated training and embedding the technology in the licensees premises. IMTECH engaged with the licensees and remained engaged thereby providing a lot of handholding in the journey from the lab to factory production. This case is an example of disciplined failure where learning from initial failure led to a course change, technological succ ess, commercial success, and then again picking up the more difficult task and taking it to fruition. CSIR-IMTECH first developed a technology to produce natural Streptokinase from Streptococci. It was developed in 4 years by 1998-99, licensed and transferred in 1999-2000 and launched commercially in 2001-2002. The recombinant Streptokinase was developed in 5 years by the year 2001-2002, licensed and transferred in 2002-2003 and commercially launched in 2009-10. Natural Streptokinase know-how was licensed to Cadila Limited for fees of Rs. 20 lakhs and royalty based on ex-factory sales for 5 years. This drug was launched as STPASE injection in year 2001-02. Subsequently, recombinant gene technology was licensed by CSIR-IMTECH to Shasun Pharmaceuticals Limited, Chennai for a fee of Rs. 1 crore and royalty payments based on ex-factory sales for 5 years. The drug was launched in July 2009 and marketed by Lupin Pharma as LUPIFLO. Comparison with prevalent alternate treatments Prior to adoption of Streptokinase for clot-blockade led heart attacks, the treatments were generalized and included oxygenation and intensive care (appendix 1). Subsequent to studies of randomized controlled trials establishing efficacy and superiority of Streptokinase, it was adopted widely specially in Europe. Later, other clot busting drugs were developed. Still later, open heart bypass surgery and then angioplasty using medical stents were developed. Clot buster drugs are more affordable than surgical treatments. Within the class of clot buster drugs, Streptokinase remains the most affordable. Its costs are lower since its production is micro-organism based unlike the others derived from animal cell lines. Comparison with prevalent competing technologies clot-busters Clot-buster drugs in use are tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), Streptokinase, and Urokinase. Streptokinase competes with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) which is the prevalent clot buster drug. tPA is preferred for its target (blood clot causing blockade) specificity. The advantage of tPA over Streptokinase is in the extent of systemic fibrinogenolysis generated by each. The resultant side effect of bleeding (due to suppression of clot formation by plasmin) can be higher for Streptokinase. However, studies have established that streptokinase is as effective in saving lives in mycocardial infarction as is tPA, despite the nearly ten-fold higher price of the latter. tPA is expensive enough to be inaccessible to most patients for this life threatening condition. Recombinant tPA reduced prices but the cost remains many times over that of Streptokinase. Cost of treatment is of utmost importance as most Indians health expenditure is out of own pocket. Appendix 1 clearly indicates that while the treatments for myocardial infarction vary from Streptokinase to tPA to angioplasty and bypass surgery, for a vast majority of Indians (with annual income about and below the current per capita annual income of Rs. 60,000), the treatment affordable and so possible is administering of Streptokinase. The alternative to Streptokinase would be a mix of morphine, oxygenation, intensive-care. Comparison with prevalent manufacturers Producers of natural Streptokinase, for several years, were only MNCs such as Behring-werke (Germany) and Lederle (USA). In India, before CSIR-IMTECHs intervention, Streptokinase was imported, Streptokinase injections were sold by MNCs Kabinase by Kabi Pharmacia, Sweden and Streptase by Hoechst Marion Roussel, Germany and priced then between Rs. 3000 to Rs. 4000 per vial in year 2000 (Krishnan(2000)). tPA prices varied from Rs. 30,000 per vial in year 2000-01 to about Rs. 19,000 per vial in 2010-11. In India, CSIR-IMTECH licensee Cadila Pharmaceuticals Ltd. manufactured Streptokinase as STPASE at an ex-factory price of Rs. 900 per vial (standard 1.5 miu dose) in 2001-02. The recombinant Streptokinase which has the same biological properties of natural Streptokinase (but much higher yields) was produced by CSIR-IMTECH licensee Shasun Chemicals and Drugs Limited, Chennai at an ex-factory price of Rs. 465 per vial in year 2009-10. This is the bulk drug price. It is marketed as LUPIFLO by Lupin Pharmaceuticals Limited and as STUKINASE by Samarth Pharma among other formulators. Non-CSIR licensee entry also occurred after the first CSIR licensee entered. There were three entrants, two of whom have already exited. The third entrant, Biocon, is successfully producing recombinant Streptokinase and marketing it as Myokinase. Data and Methodology Lab data are obtained from CSIR-IMTECH. Industry data are obtained through questionnaires and interviews. Market data such as sales value and quantity numbers for Streptokinase formulations/brands along with data on company characteristics such as MNC/Indian, date of launch, size of formulation are from the IMS Health India database on Streptokinase. The data are collected at the stockist level and are representative of the Indian pharmaceuticals market with the exception of sales directly from producers/formulators to the hospitals. Given the retrospective nature of this economic impact study, and the difficulties in collecting past data, the initial methodology proposed was a contemporaneous difference analysis between CSIR licensees and comparable enterprises. However, Streptokinase producer data could not be collected despite mailed questionnaires followed up with interviews  [7]  . Instead, for the industry analysis, market sales and volume data for a panel of 20 years are used to estimate a demand function with pooled OLS regressions. The pooled regressions permit segregation of estimates for CSIR licensees from others, and, of estimates over time  [8]  . Benefits of the Technology Intervention Creating Value Benefits to the Lab CSIR-IMTECH developed a technology and plugged a production capacity gap for a life-saving drug. The first of the series of streptokinase molecules established the credibility of CSIR as a solutions provider based on their science rooted program for technology. IMTECH scientists successfully integrated science and application producing more improved molecules and earned fees and royalty in the process. The total value of fees and royalty received is about Rs. 2.5 crores and the investment in terms of salaries and cost of patents is about Rs. 65 lakhs in 2011-12 prices. The internal rate of return on the Labs cash flows for Streptokinase works out to 36 percent  [9]  . Thus, the technology program is quite cost effective for CSIR. Benefits to CSIR Licensees and the Industry The direct benefit to the licensees in terms of value addition thus far (from 2001-02 to 2011-12) is about Rs. 17 crores in 2011-12 prices, the bulk of it, Rs. 16.5 crores, arising from the first licensee Cadila Pharma Limited. The second CSIR licensee Shasun Limited has limited value added from its two years of Streptokinase operations. The first molecule served as a proof-of-concept for the industry and even more as a proof-of-value creation. It was followed by another successful molecule variant and commercial success with that also. From no producer of Streptokinase in year 2000, there are now at least three producers domestically. The third producer Biocon, a non-CSIR licensee, is among three entrants, the other two having exited already. In 2001, before entry of the first domestic producer, CSIR-IMTECH licensee Cadila Pharma, there were about four Streptokinase brands and sales value was about Rs. 6 crores with about 20 thousand vials of standard dose. The value of the Streptokinase industry is over Rs. 20  [10]  crores in 2011 with about 118 thousand vials in terms of the standard dose of 1.5 miu and about thirty brands (including different vial sizes) marketed. While many factors are responsible for this value increase, demonstration of the proof- of-concept (technology works) and the proof-of-value (commercial success) by CSIR-IMTECH scientists and licensees may have been crucial. Without these, the country may still have been importing the drug at much higher prices. To that extent, the country is also saving foreign exchange. The current market price of STPASE is reported to be about Rs. 1000 per vial and the prices of Streptokinase vials from Shasuns bulk drug vary from Rs.715 to Rs. 2300. Myokinase, the third non-CSIR entrant Biocons product, is reportedly selling at a price of about Rs. 2000 per vial. The average market price is about Rs. 1700 per vial (standard 1.5 miu dose). Prices of streptokinase by CSIR-IMTECH licensees are among the lowest in the industry, where over 30 versions of formulations are now being marketed domestically. Industry Competition With increasing market competition, prices drop and sales increase. Competition can be enhanced more by entry of producers. A pioneering paper (Bresnahan and Reiss 1991) developed an empirical framework for measuring the effects of entry in concentrated markets by studying the relationship between the number of firms in the market, market size, and competition. Their analysis suggests that competitive conduct changes quickly as the number of incumbents increases. In markets with five or fewer incumbents, almost all variation in competitive conduct occurs with the entry of the second or third firm. Surprisingly, once the market has between three and five firms, the next entrant has little effect on competitive conduct. In the absence of data on price-cost margins, they develop another key metric the ratio of break-even sales Sn+1/Sn where n refers to the last incumbent producer and n+1 refers to the entrant. This threshold is equal to one in perfectly competitive markets where the minimum efficient scale of production is quite low relative to the market size and there are no entry barriers. In concentrated markets, the threshold of break-even sales ratio is higher than one due to substantial fixed costs as well as entry barriers. A new entrant could incur higher fixed capital cost and/or higher variable costs (such as marketing costs to establish their product and realize sales). With increasing entry, this threshold break-even sales ratio should decline and approach the value of one as in perfect competition. While we do not observe price-cost margins for all three domestic producers of Streptokinase Cadila (entry in year 2001), Biocon (entry in 2008) and Shasun (entry in 2009) we do have information on sales  [11]  and company provided break-even years. Using the Bresnahan and Reiss (1991) framework, the calculation of break-even sales (quantity of vials) ratio is found to be 2.8 for the second entrant (Biocon, relative to first producer Cadila Pharma) and 1.6 for the third entrant (Shasun Pharma, relative to Biocon)  [12]  . This quick examination points to a decreasing value of the break-even sales ratio and fast increasing competition with just three entrants, much in line with the findings of the Bresnahan and Reiss paper. Benefits to the People and the Economy Price Reduction, Affordability and Access